Ethiopia experiences earthquakes and volcanic activity due to tectonic processes in the East African Rift Valley. Geologist Gemechu Bedassa Teferi explains the geological history, the significance of molten rock, and recent seismic events in Fentale. Understanding these processes is crucial for predicting future hazards and ensuring community safety.
The phenomenon of earthquakes and volcanic activity in Ethiopia can be traced back millions of years, particularly due to the geological processes underway in the East African Rift Valley. Geologist Gemechu Bedassa Teferi explains that the region is akin to a natural laboratory, as it is on the verge of a significant continental split that could eventually lead to the formation of a new ocean.
Historically, the splitting of continents resulted in the formation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, with a significant geological crack appearing in the Afar Depression approximately 11 million years ago. The mantle beneath this region, consisting of a hot and semi-solid layer, is in constant motion, allowing molten rock to escape through fissures in the earth’s crust, resulting in volcanic eruptions.
As the tectonic plates shift, rifts form due to the movement of the ground, leading to seismic waves that cause earthquakes. The Afar region is recognized for its significant volcanic and tectonic activity. Recent events in Fentale have seen over 200 earthquakes recorded, with the strongest measuring 6 on the Richter scale and impacting structures as far as 190km away in Addis Ababa.
While no eruptions have occurred recently in Fentale, historical data suggests that earthquakes often precede such volcanic activity, with the last eruption in the area reported in 1820. Scientists utilize satellite radar images to examine the molten rock pushing up from beneath the surface, approximately 10km below Awash Fentale.
There are three potential scenarios that may ensue as this geological activity progresses. The first involves the cooling and solidification of the molten rock, while the second could lead to a volcanic eruption as the material rises to the surface. The third scenario might see the molten rock flow laterally, which may interact with other materials, possibly resulting in further volcanic activity or cooling.
Given the dynamism of this geological region, it is crucial to enhance predictive capacities for future hazards. Scientists recommend the implementation of monitoring methods, including measuring volcanic gases and using GPS technology, as well as fostering collaboration between scientists and government officials for effective communication with local communities at risk.
Ethiopia’s earthquakes and volcanoes are the result of significant geological processes that have evolved over millions of years, particularly due to the East African Rift Valley’s tectonic activities. Continuous monitoring and collaboration among scientists and local authorities are essential in understanding and preparing for potential future volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in this dynamic region.
Original Source: www.downtoearth.org.in
